Improving Wear Behavior of 304L Stainless Steel under Constrained Groove Pressing

Document Type : Manufacturing and Production

Authors

1 M.Sc., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

2 Corresponding author: Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

Abstract

Severe plastic deformation is considered one of the methods of producing materials with sub-micrometer and even ultra-fine-grained materials. The constrained groove pressing process is one of the severe plastic deformation methods for sheet-formed materials. In this research, the wear resistance and hardness of 304L stainless steel after being subjected to constrained groove pressing were analyzed with respect to the pass number. It was found that the hardness of the initial annealed sample was 163.5 HV, and It was equal to 373.7 and 389.5 HV in the first and third passes, showing an increase of 128% and 138% of hardness in the first and third passes compared to the initial sample. Moreover, the sample wear rate at the normal load of 30 N and 50 N was 0.049% and 1.16% for the initial annealed state, 0.041% and 0.56% for the first pass condition, and 0.036% and 0.24% for the final pass situation. The main reasons for the hardness improvement and wear resistance increase are related to the application of cold work and the increase of dislocation density. It should be mentioned that the dislocation movement makes the material more ductile (increase in the plastic deformation) if the density of dislocations in the material exceeds a certain limit, it leads to the interaction of dislocations and their locking; so, the material becomes more brittle. It can be concluded that the improvement of hardness and wear resistance increases with the addition of the pass number.

Highlights

  • SPD was applied on 304L stainless steel.
  • Hardness was improved by imposing the CGP.
  • The wear rate decreased by increasing the pass number.
  • The effect of the first pass is more prominent than other pass numbers.

Keywords


[1] Babaei H, Darvizeh A, Alitavoli M, Mirzababaie Mostofi T. Experimental and Analytical Investigation into Plastic Deformation of Circular Plates Subjected to Hydrodynamic Loading. Modares Mechanical Engineering 2015; 15 (2) :305-312. DOR :20.1001.1.10275940.1394.15.2.28.6.
[2] Asghari Rad P, Nili-Ahmadabadi M, Shirazi H. Semi-solid microstructural evolution of severely deformed AISI 304 stainless steel. Metallurgical Engineering. 2016;19(2):94-108. DOI :10.22076/me.2017.46691.1086.
[3] Chiou ST, Lee WS. Plastic deformation and fracture response of 304 stainless steel subjected to dynamic shear loading. Materials Science and Technology. 2013; (19): 1266-1272. DOI :10.1179/026708303225005854.
[4] Mills WJ. Fracture toughness of type 304 and 316 stainless steels and their welds. International Materials Reviews. 1997; (42): 45-82. DOI :10.1179/imr.1997.42.2.45.
[5] Azushima A, Kopp R, Korhonen A, Yang DY, Micari F, Lahoti GD, Groche P, Yanagimoto J, Tsuji N, Rosochowski A, Yanadida A. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes for metals. CIRP Annals. 2008; (57): 716-735. DOI :10.1016/j.cirp.2008.09.005.
[6] Kawasaki M, Figueiredo RB, Langdon T. Twenty-Five years of severe plastic deformation: recent developments in evaluating the degree of homogeneity through the thickness of disks processed by high-pressure torsion. Journal of Materials Science. 2012; (47): 7719-7725. DOI :10.1007/s10853-012-6507-y.
[7] Lee HH, Yoon JI, Kim HS. Single-roll angular-rolling: A new continuous severe plastic deformation process for metal sheets. Scripta Materialia, 2018; (146): 204-207. DOI :10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.11.043.
[8] Valiev RZ, Langdon TG. Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement. Progress in Materials Science. 2006; (51): 881-981. DOI :10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.02.003.
[9] Zhilyaev AP, Langdon TG. Using high-pressure torsion for metal processing: Fundamentals and applications. Progress in Materials Science. 2008; (53): 893-979. DOI :10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.03.002.
[10] Ansarian I, Shaeri MH, Ebrahimi M, Minarik P, Bartha K. Microstructure evolution and mechanical behaviour of severely deformed pure titanium through multi directional forging. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019; (776): 83-95. DOI :10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.196.
[11] Ebrahimi M, Wang Q, Attarilar Sh. A comprehensive review of magnesium-based alloys and composites processed by cyclic extrusion compression and the related techniques. Progress in Materials Science. 2023; (131): 101016. DOI :10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101016.
[12] Valiev RZ, Islamgaliev RK. Alexandrov IV. Bulk nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation. Progress in Materials Science. 2000; (45): 103-189. DOI :10.1016/S0079-6425(99)00007-9.
[13] Gupta AK, Maddukuri TS, Singh SK. Constrained groove pressing for sheet metal processing. Progress in Materials Science. 2016; (84): 403-462. DOI :10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.09.008.
[14] Toth LS, Chen C, Pougis A, Arzaghi M, Fundenberger JJ, Massion R, Suwas S. High pressure tube twisting for producing ultra fine grained materials: A Review. Materials Transactions. 2019; (60): 1177-1191. DOI :10.2320/matertrans.MF201910.
[15] Segal V. Modes and Processes of Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD). Materials. 2018; (11): 1175. DOI :10.3390/ma11071175.
[16] Javidikia M, Hashem R. Analysis and simulation of parallel tubular channel angular pressing of Al 5083 tube. Transactions of the Indian Institute Metals. 2017; (7): 11-17. DOI :10.1007/s12666-017-1117-7.
[17] Gupta AK, Maddukuri TS, Singh SK. Constrained groove pressing for sheet metal processing. Progress in Materials Science. 2016; (84): 403-462. DOI :10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.09.008.
[18] Shahmirzaloo A, Hosseini SM, Siahsarani A, Rahmatabadi D, Hashemi R, Faraji G. Influences of the constrained groove pressing on microstructural, mechanical, and fracture properties of brass sheets. Materials Research Express. 2020; (7): 116526. DOI :10.1088/2053-1591/abc9f2.
[19] Shirani M, Anjabin N, Kim HS. Effects of constrained groove pressing on mechanical properties of a TWIP steel. Materials Science and Technology. 2021; (37): 1291-1301. DOI :10.1080/02670836.2021.1996130.
[20] Sajadi A, Ebrahimi M, Djavanroodi F.  Experimental and numerical investigation of Al properties fabricated by CGP process. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2012; (552): 97-103. DOI :10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.121.
[21] Shirdel A, Khajeh A. Moshksar MM. Experimental and finite element investigation of semi-constrained groove pressing process. Materials and Design. 2010; (31): 946-950. DOI :10.1016/j.matdes.2009.07.035.
[22] Songbo Yin, D. Y. Li. A new phenomenon observed in determining the wear-corrosion synergy during a corrosive sliding wear test. Wear. 2008; (29): 45-52. DOI :10.1007/s11249-007-9280-3.
[23] Ganechari SM, Kabadi VR, Kori SA, Tikotkar RG. Studies of high temperature sliding wear of medium carbon nickel-chromium based alloy steel. Proceedings of the International Conference and Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology. 2010; (10): 792-797. DOI :10.1145/1741906.1742089.
[24] Varga M, Leroch S, Rojacz H, Ripoll MR. Study of wear mechanisms at high temperature scratch testing. Wear. 2017; (389): 112-118. DOI :10.1016/j.wear.2017.04.027.
[25] Ozdil N, Kayseri GO, Menguc GS. Analysis of abrasion characteristics in textiles. Abrasion Resistance of Materials. 2012; (10): 57-72.
[26] Tanzi MC, Farè S, Candiani G. Sterilization and degradation. Foundations of Biomaterials Engineering. 2019; (47): 289-328.
[27] Fan R, Attarilar Sh, Shamsborhan M, Ebrahimi M, Gode C, Ozkavak HV. Enhancing mechanical properties and corrosion performance of AA6063 aluminum alloys through constrained groove pressing technique. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2020; (30): 1790-1802. DOI :10.1016/S1003-6326(20)65339-0.
[28] Ebrahimi M, Wang Q, Attarilar Sh. A comprehensive review of magnesium-based alloys and composites processed by cyclic extrusion compression and the related techniques. Progress in Materials Science. 2023; (131): 101016. DOI :10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101016.
[29] Gopi KR, Shivananda NH. Impact of ECAP on wear performance of Al–Mn magnesium alloy. Materials Research Express. 2020; (7): 016550. DOI :10.1088/2053-1591/ab663c.
[30] Divya SP, Nagaraj M, Kesavamoorthy M, Srinivasan SA, Ravisankar B. Investigation on the effect of ECAP routes on the wear behavior of AA2014. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 2018; (71): 67-77. DOI :10.1007/s12666-017-1141-7.
[31] Radhi HN, Mohammed MT, Aljassani AMH. Influence of ECAP processing on mechanical and wear properties of brass alloy. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021; (44): 2399-2402. DOI :10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.461.
[32] Elhefnawey M, Shuai GL, Li Z, Nemat-Alla M, Zhang DT, Li L. On dry sliding wear of ECAPed Al-Mg-Zn alloy: Wear rate and coefficient of friction relationship. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 2021; (60): 927-939. DOI :10.1016/j.aej.2020.10.021.
[33] Geng Z, Puhan D, Reddyhoff T. Using acoustic emission to characterize friction and wear in dry sliding steel contacts. Tribology International. 2019; (134): 394-407. DOI :10.1016/j.triboint.2019.02.014.
[34] Djavanroodi F, Ebrahimi M, Nayfeh JF. Tribological and mechanical investigation of multi-directional forged nickel. Scientific Reports. 2019; (9): 241. DOI :10.1038/s41598-018-36584-w.
[35] Jiang L, Huang W, Liu C, Guo Y, Chen C, Wang J, Yu W. The effects of stored energy on wear resistance of friction stir processed pure Ti. Results in Physics. 2019; (12): 1276-1284. DOI :10.1016/j.rinp.2019.01.025.
[36] Salehi M. Delamination wear mechanism in gray cast iron. International Journal of Engineering. 2000; (3): 37-50.
[37] Wu J, Ebrahimi M, Attarilar Sh, Gode C, Zadshakoyan M. Cyclic Extrusion compression process for achieving ultrafine-grained 5052 aluminum alloy with eminent strength and wear resistance. Metals. 2022; (12): 1627. DOI :10.3390/met12101627.
[38] Ebrahimi M, Par MA. Twenty-year uninterrupted endeavor of friction stir processing by focusing on copper and its alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019; (781): 1074-1090. DOI :10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.083.
 
Volume 20, Issue 2 - Serial Number 76
Serial No. 75, Summer
July 2024
Pages 17-28
  • Receive Date: 25 December 2023
  • Revise Date: 13 January 2024
  • Accept Date: 06 March 2024
  • Publish Date: 21 June 2024