Effect of Constrained Groove Pressing Process on Electrochemical, Hardness, and Microstructure Behavior of 6061 Aluminum Alloy

Document Type : Manufacturing and Production

Authors

1 M.Sc., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

2 Corresponding author: Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran

Abstract

The so-called severe plastic deformation processes have received great attention from researchers due to the production of materials with desirable physical and mechanical properties through grain refinement. In this work, the corrosion behavior, hardness, and microstructure of 6061 aluminum alloy (Al6061) have been investigated after processing by constrained groove pressing (CGP). The results showed that the average grain size of the annealed sample, which was 42 micrometers, reached 24, 17, and 16 micrometers in the first, second, and fourth passes, respectively. Also, the hardness of the initial, first, second, and fourth passes was 33, 48, 56, and 57 HV, respectively. Therefore, the average hardness value increases dramatically at first, and then the increasing trend slows down in subsequent passes. Finally, the corrosion resistance of samples increases with CGP operation, so that the corrosion current of the first, second, and fourth pass samples shows a decrease of 45%, 59%, and 65%, respectively, as compared to the initial sample. The corrosion current reduction due to the CGP application is due to the decrease of surface defects such as holes, cracks, and open porosity, which was proven by the scanning electron microscope obtained from the corrosion surface of the samples. Finally, the sample weight reduction (the weight difference before and after the corrosion test) at different CGP conditions confirmed the results of the polarization curves.

Highlights

  • CGP was performed up to four passes on Al6061.
  • Grain refinement was very intensive at the first processing pass.
  • The corrosion rate was decreased by the addition of pass number.
  • Surface corrosion SEM was in good agreement with the corrosion results.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Smiley face

References

[1] Shin DH, Park JJ, Kim YS, Park KT. Constrained groove pressing and its application to grain refinement of aluminum. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2002;328(1-2):98-103. DOI 10.1016/s0921-5093(01)01665-3 .
[2] Sajadi A, Ebrahimi M, Djavanroodi F. Experimental and numerical investigation of Al properties fabricated by CGP process. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2012;552:97-103. DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.121.
[3] Jandaghi MR, Pouraliakbar H. Study on the effect of post-annealing on the microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of rolled CGPed aluminum-manganese-silicon alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2017;679:493-503. DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.054.
[4] Pouraliakbar H, Firooz S, Jandaghi MR, Khalaj G, Amirafshar A. Combined effect of heat treatment and rolling on pre-strained and SPDed aluminum sheet. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2014;612:371-9. DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.054.
[5] Wang Z, Guan Y, Li L, Zhu L. The fracture behavior and thermal stability of commercially pure nickel sheets processed by constrained groove pressing. Metals. 2019;9(10):1047. DOI 10.3390/met9101047.
[6] Thuy PT, Hue DT, Ngung DM, Quang P. A study on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy after constrained groove pressing. InIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (Vol. 611, No. 1, p. 012005). IOP Publishing. DOI 10.1088/1757-899x/611/1/012005.
[7] Shirdel A, Khajeh A, Moshksar MM. Experimental and finite element investigation of semi-constrained groove pressing process. Materials & Design. 2010;31(2):946-50. DOI 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.07.035.
[8] Fereshteh-Saniee F, Ghorbanhosseini S, Sonboli A. Inclusive anisotropy and texture analyses of AZ91 Mg sheets subjected to various passes of elevated-temperature constrained groove pressing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications. 2023;237(7):1638-50. DOI 10.2139/ssrn.4160321.
[9] Fan RJ, Attarilar S, Shamsborhan M, Ebrahimi M, Ceren Gö, Özkavak HV. Enhancing mechanical properties and corrosion performance of AA6063 aluminum alloys through constrained groove pressing technique. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2020;30(7):1790-802. DOI 10.1016/s1003-6326(20)65339-0.
[10] Peng LI, Tingting TA, Zhuoshuai ZH, Wenxian WA, Chengzhong CH. Refinement strengthening of AZ31 magnesium alloy by warm constrained groove pressing. Materials Science. 2017;23(1):84-8. DOI 10.5755/j01.ms.23.1.14392.
[11] Khodabakhshi F, Kazeminezhad M. The effect of constrained groove pressing on grain size, dislocation density and electrical resistivity of low carbon steel. Materials & Design. 2011;32(6):3280-6. DOI 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.02.032.
[12] Shin DH, Park JJ, Kim YS, Park KT. Constrained groove pressing and its application to grain refinement of aluminum. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2002;328(1-2):98-103. DOI 10.1016/s0921-5093(01)01665-3.
[13] Lee JW, Park JJ. Numerical and experimental investigations of constrained groove pressing and rolling for grain refinement. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2002;130:208-13. DOI 10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00722-7.
[14] Pouraliakbar H, Jandaghi MR, Khalaj G. Constrained groove pressing and subsequent annealing of Al-Mn-Si alloy: microstructure evolutions, crystallographic transformations, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. Materials & Design. 2017;124:34-46. DOI 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.053.
[15] Soon Fong K, Jen Tan M, Lan Ng F, Danno A, Wah Chua B. Microstructure stability of a fine-grained AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by constrained groove pressing during isothermal annealing. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering. 2017;139(8):081007. DOI 10.1115/1.4036529.
[16] Peng K, Su L, Shaw LL, Qian KW. Grain refinement and crack prevention in constrained groove pressing of two-phase Cu–Zn alloys. Scripta Materialia. 2007;56(11):987-90. DOI 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.01.043.
[17] Wojtas D, Wierzbanowski K, Chulist R, Pachla W, Bieda-Niemiec M, Jarzębska A, Maj Ł, Kawałko J, Marciszko-Wiąckowska M, Wroński M, Sztwiertnia K. Microstructure-strength relationship of ultrafine-grained titanium manufactured by unconventional severe plastic deformation process. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020;837:155576. DOI 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155576.
[18] Kaibyshev R, Malopheyev S. Mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization in aluminum alloys. InMaterials Science Forum 2014 (Vol. 794, pp. 784-789). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. DOI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.784.
[19] Ralston KD, Birbilis N. Effect of grain size on corrosion: a review. Corrosion. 2010;66(7):075005-. DOI 10.5006/1.3462912.
[20] Wu J, Djavanroodi F, Shamsborhan M, Attarilar S, Ebrahimi M. Improving mechanical and corrosion behavior of 5052 aluminum alloy processed by cyclic extrusion compression. Metals. 2022;12(8):1288. DOI 10.3390/met12081288.
[21] Ebrahimi M, Wang Q, Attarilar S. A comprehensive review of magnesium-based alloys and composites processed by cyclic extrusion compression and the related techniques. Progress in Materials Science. 2023;131:101016. DOI 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101016.
[22] Ebrahimi M, Gholipour H, Djavanroodi F. A study on the capability of equal channel forward extrusion process. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2016;650:1-7. DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.014.
[23] Ebrahimi M, Djavanroodi F, Nazari Tiji SA, Gholipour H, Gode C. Experimental investigation of the equal channel forward extrusion process. Metals. 2015;5(1):471-83. DOI 10.3390/met5010471.
[24] Ebrahimi M, Shaeri MH, Naseri R, Gode C. Equal channel angular extrusion for tube configuration of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2018;731:569-76. DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2018.06.080.
[25] Braga DP, Magalhães DC, Kliauga AM, Della Rovere CA, Sordi VL. Microstructure, mechanical behavior and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility in ultrafine-grained Al-Cu alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020;773:138865. DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138865.
[26] Ebrahimi M, Attarilar S, Gode C, Djavanroodi F. Damage prediction of 7025 aluminum alloy during equal-channel angular pressing. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials. 2014;21:990-8. DOI 10.1007/s12613-014-1000-z.
[27] Ebrahimi M, Attarilar S, Djavanroodi F, Gode C, Kim HS. Wear properties of brass samples subjected to constrained groove pressing process. Materials & Design. 2014;63:531-7. DOI 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.06.043.
[28] Peng K, Zhang Y, Shaw LL, Qian KW. Microstructure dependence of a Cu–38Zn alloy on processing conditions of constrained groove pressing. Acta Materialia. 2009;57(18):5543-53. DOI 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.07.049.
[29] Yan J, Heckman NM, Velasco L, Hodge AM. Improve sensitization and corrosion resistance of an Al-Mg alloy by optimization of grain boundaries. Scientific reports. 2016;6(1):26870. DOI 10.1038/srep26870.
[30] Zhao Y, Niverty S, Ma X, Chawla N. Correlation between corrosion behavior and grain boundary characteristics of a 6061 Al alloy by lab-scale X-ray diffraction contrast tomography (DCT). Materials Characterization. 2022;193:112325. DOI 10.2139/ssrn.3985219.
[31] Hockauf M, Meyer LW, Nickel D, Alisch G, Lampke T, Wielage B, Krüger L. Mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of ultrafine-grained AA6082 produced by equal-channel angular pressing. Journal of Materials Science. 2008;43:7409-17. DOI 10.1007/s10853-008-2724-9.
[32] Jia J, Yang Z, Xu B, Xie W, Xu Y, Luo J, Wang Q. Microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and strengthening mechanisms of 6061 aluminum alloy processed via corrugated constrained groove pressing. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2023;878:145218. DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2023.145218.
Aerospace Mechanics
Volume 20, Issue 3 - Serial Number 77
Serial No. 77, Summer
November 2024
Pages 17-29

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 03 April 2024
  • Revise Date: 12 May 2024
  • Accept Date: 01 June 2024
  • Publish Date: 21 November 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics